The American Wind Energy Association (‘AWEA’) claims big wind had a spectacular 2015, but we looked past the slick advertising and found the same boastful AWEA rhetoric, this time with extra pixie dust applied.
The American Wind Energy Association (‘AWEA’) claims big wind had a spectacular 2015, but we looked past the slick advertising and found the same boastful AWEA rhetoric, this time with extra pixie dust applied.
According to the American Wind Energy Association (“AWEA”), big wind had a spectacular 2015.
Jobs were up 20%, emissions down, more wind megawatts were installed than any other fuel source, and happy landowners pocketed a cool $222 million for their trouble. The media dutifully sang America’s good fortune. Imagine: the last Congressional vote in December mandating $15.8 billion in wind PTC payouts and everything is now right as rain. That is, until you look past the slick advertising and realize the boasted gains are nothing more than AWEA rhetoric with extra pixie dust applied.
The ‘jobs game’
The industry touted 15,000 jobs added in 2015 bringing the total to 88,000, including 1,800 new manufacturing positions.[1]
Impressed? Don’t be.
For one, AWEA continues to be the primary source of wind-related employment statistics so it’s impossible to validate the claims. Second, the figure represents modeled, not actual jobs, and typical for AWEA, it bundles all types of jobs into the one number including direct, indirect and induced. The induced wind job belongs to the guy who landed part-time work serving coffee at the local diner to transient wind workers at a nearby construction site.
These figures are more abstract and inherently unreliable but a convenient way to inflate job numbers. If Navigant’s 2011 wind study is any indication, induced jobs likely represent up to 26% of AWEA’s 2015 job number.
The table below shows how AWEA’s total and manufacturing job numbers have expanded and contracted since 2007.
| Year | Jobs: Total | Jobs: Mfr | MW Installed |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 88,000 | 21,000 | 8,598 |
| 2014 | 73,000 | 19,200 | 4,854 |
| 2013 | 50,500 | 17,400 | 1,084 |
| 2012 | 80,700 | 25,500 | 13,131 |
| 2011 | 75,000 | 30,000 | 6,810 |
| 2010 | 75,000 | 20,000 | 5,212 |
| 2009 | 85,000 | 18,500 | 9,997 |
| 2008 | 85,000 | 20,000 | 8,363 |
| 2007 | 50,000 | 10,000 | 5,258 |
**Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and AWEA annual wind market reports
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has started tracking some wind-related jobs which helps add context. For example, AWEA pitched that wind turbine service technicians now represent the fastest growing occupation in the U.S. BLS data concurs, but also states (and AWEA ignores) that “few people are employed as wind turbine service technicians, and even with the fast projected growth rate (108%), the occupation is only projected to add 4,800 new jobs” by 2024. Wind service technicians numbered 4,400 in 2014. “In contrast,” BLS adds, “maintenance and repair workers, general, is projected to increase 6.1 percent but add 83,500 new jobs.”
When stacked against employment in the electric power generation sector, wind represents just 2% of all jobs with fossil and nuclear dominating at 91%. On a per megawatt basis, wind offers just 0.05 full-time positions.[2]
Finally, if AWEA publicly released its breakdown of direct and indirect jobs, we’re likely to find the 15,000 new positions did not translate into net job creation for 2015.
Meaningless Megawatts
AWEA reveled in the fact that wind was the largest source of new electric generating capacity in 2015, representing 41% percent of all new electric power placed in service for the year. The last time wind could make that claim was 2012 (see chart). But when considering the larger power market, the boast is not meaningful.
Demand for electricity in the US has declined 5 out of the last 8 years and, overall, has dropped 4.4% since 2008. If economic market signals mean anything, no one should be building new generation except to replace retiring capacity units. Since wind is an energy, not a capacity resource, it’s not the right fit for replacing retirements, no matter what AWEA hopes the public will believe.
But for big wind, the economics don’t matter. Thanks to federal subsidies, RPS mandates and long-term power purchase agreements, developers are paid to construct turbines regardless of power market signals. In this scenario, the only economic concern is whether there’s a buyer for a project’s power long-term. As long as the 30% federal investment tax credit is an option, finding the best wind resource with adequate transmission capacity isn’t even that important.
Chart Source: US Energy Information Administration. Click to enlarge
A penny for your land?
AWEA positions wind energy as an economic development engine for poor, rural areas across America. Landowners are paraded before policymakers to tell their story of how the family farm was protected from subdivision, and their way of life preserved, after deciding to diversify into wind. AWEA crowed how, in 2015, wind projects paid $222 million in lease payments to landowners for hosting the turbines. The tale is impressive, but a closer look suggests wind developers are opportunistic predators exploiting the unwitting.
The bulk of wind power installations in the US started coming on-line beginning in 2006. Since then, about 65,000 megawatts have been installed. Developers generally lease land based on the number of megawatts installed and, in some cases, they’ve offered a percentage of the production.[3] The $222 million equates to roughly $3500 per megawatt per year. Over ten years, that’s $35,000. In the same 10-year period, American taxpayers paid the wind project $600,000 per megawatt in production tax credits! (assumes a 30% capacity factor)
The inequity is stunning.
It's laughable to believe wind projects deliver any economic wealth. It’s American taxpayers who are enriching the landowners. Perhaps that’s what we should have done all along and forget the turbines, after considering how wind projects have repeatedly divided and harmed small, rural communities. Moreover, the notion that an agricultural way of life has been preserved by big wind doesn’t cut the mustard. As reported before, the lease payments frequently funnel to absentee landowners who inherited the land from their retired farmer parents and now sun in Florida where the turbines don’t spin.
Naive (and inaccurate) claims about wind consumption
AWEA never misses an opportunity to praise states like Iowa, South Dakota and Texas for the wind energy each consumes. In 2015, Iowa took top billing for achieving 31.3% penetration followed by South Dakota at 25.5% and, according to AWEA’s charts, Vermont reached 15.4%. Again: impressive numbers, but not accurate.
Each megawatt hour of electricity produced by a wind turbine, also produces a second commodity referred to as a renewable energy credit (“REC”). RECs represent the “environmental benefit” and can be sold separately from the energy. The right to lay claim to a megawatt hour of wind energy solely belongs to the party who acquires the REC. Since RECs can be traded across state lines, the physical location of the wind turbine is not relevant. The renewability claim travels with the REC.
Thus, if the output of a wind project sited in Iowa is contracted by an Illinois or Minnesota utility, Iowans cannot lay claim to the wind. For Iowa, the wind production is no cleaner than coal. The same holds for Texas projects should the renewable energy credits get sold into the private Green-E REC market.
Vermont residents have long taken issue with this point and earlier this year the Vermont Law School Energy Clinic filed a formal complaint with the State's Attorney General insisting that in-state utilities who sell their RECs to out-of-state parties are misrepresenting the ‘green-ness’ of their resource portfolios.
Despite four operating wind projects in the state totaling 119 megawatts, Vermont can't lay claim to any of the wind! Every REC is sold out-of-state to offset the high price of wind.
But, even if all of Vermont’s in-state wind RECs were retired by Vermont utilities, the best the state might achieve is 4.4%. AWEA’s 15.4% claim is wildly inaccurate.[4]
There’s much more we can write about the misrepresentations and omissions plaguing AWEA’s rosy perspective on wind, like the fact that wind is a very minor, but very costly means of reducing emissions. The industry players know they're not being straight with the public or policymakers, but they don’t care. Why upset anyone with the facts when billions of public dollars are on the line? And so it goes.
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[1] Other jobs covered project development, construction and turbine installation, operations, maintenance, transportation and logistics, and financial, legal, and consulting services. In December 2015, AWEA was still claiming 73,000 jobs overall for 2015.
[2] We arrived at the 0.05 figure by dividing the number of jobs to operate a wind power plant by cumulative installed wind in megawatts. For 2014, there were 3,411 jobs and 65,877 MW of installed wind (3411/65877 = 0.05 jobs/MW)
[3] There are also folks receiving nominal annual payments under so-called ‘good-neighbor agreements.’ In return for the money, neighbors of the operating wind plant grant the project permission to produce noise, shadow-flicker and other nuisances on the neighboring properties.
[4] Based on 2014 in-state generation of 7.03 million MWh. Vermont Yankee, a 604 MW nuclear plant capable of generating over 4 million MWhs per year, was shut down at the end of 2014. By losing VY, the percent of in-state generation from wind was automatically raised but the statistic is not meaningful. VY generation was replaced with energy from NH-based Seabrook, Hydro Quebec and other New England Power Pool generators.