	<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xml:lang="en-US">
        <title>www.windaction.org</title>
        <subtitle>facts, analysis, exposure of wind energy's real impacts</subtitle>
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/" title="www.windaction.org" /> 
        <link href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/c112+111?theme=atom" rel="self"/>
		<author>
			<name>Windaction</name> 
		</author>
		<id>http://www.windaction.org/articles/c112+111?theme=atom</id>
        <generator uri="http://www.xaraya.com" version="1.00">Xarayar</generator>
		<updated>2006-06-12T02:16:27Z</updated>
		            <entry>
	<title>County approves wind farm </title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/23947" title="County approves wind farm "/> 
	<id>.23947</id> 
	<updated>2009-11-05T03:16:45Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-11-05T03:16:45Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">The Albany County Commission approved in its first meeting of the month on Tuesday part of a wind farm that will straddle the Albany County-Carbon County line.

The commissioners approved a permit for 28 1.5-megawatt wind turbines for the North Rim Wind Energy Conversion System, which will be owned and operated by AES Wind Generation ...In addition to the permit for 28 turbines in Albany County, AES plans to install nine turbines on the Carbon County portion of the project for a total generating capacity of 55.5 megawatts of electricity.</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/23947">
		<![CDATA[ The Albany County Commission approved in its first meeting of the month on Tuesday part of a wind farm that will straddle the Albany County-Carbon County line.

The commissioners approved a permit for 28 1.5-megawatt wind turbines for the North Rim Wind Energy Conversion System, which will be owned and operated by AES Wind Generation ...In addition to the permit for 28 turbines in Albany County, AES plans to install nine turbines on the Carbon County portion of the project for a total generating capacity of 55.5 megawatts of electricity. ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>Laramie Range fund will compete with wind for leases </title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/23870" title="Laramie Range fund will compete with wind for leases "/> 
	<id>.23870</id> 
	<updated>2009-10-30T16:40:59Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-10-30T16:40:59Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">The Northern Laramie Range Alliance announced it will establish a tax-exempt corporation to buy up state leases in order to prevent the development of wind energy.

The effort is aimed at &amp;quot;preserving the agricultural, historic, recreational and natural heritage of central Wyoming's Northern Laramie Range,&amp;quot; according to the alliance.
</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/23870">
		<![CDATA[ The Northern Laramie Range Alliance announced it will establish a tax-exempt corporation to buy up state leases in order to prevent the development of wind energy.

The effort is aimed at &amp;quot;preserving the agricultural, historic, recreational and natural heritage of central Wyoming's Northern Laramie Range,&amp;quot; according to the alliance.
 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>Ban large projects for while: Wind farms at heart of moratorium vote</title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/23841" title="Ban large projects for while: Wind farms at heart of moratorium vote"/> 
	<id>.23841</id> 
	<updated>2009-10-27T20:38:58Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-10-27T20:38:58Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">In an effort to slow the winds of change, the Converse County Planning and Zoning Commission voted Oct. 20 to recommend that the county commissioners consider a 90-day county-wide &amp;quot;freeze&amp;quot; on all large scale industrial development.

&amp;quot;From my personal perspective, this says that we want to do business, but we want to do business in a very logical and orderly fashion,&amp;quot; said P&amp;amp;Z member David Pellatz. &amp;quot;It's a very different message in my mind. We're not talking bans. We're not talking never can do it.&amp;quot;
</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/23841">
		<![CDATA[ In an effort to slow the winds of change, the Converse County Planning and Zoning Commission voted Oct. 20 to recommend that the county commissioners consider a 90-day county-wide &amp;quot;freeze&amp;quot; on all large scale industrial development.

&amp;quot;From my personal perspective, this says that we want to do business, but we want to do business in a very logical and orderly fashion,&amp;quot; said P&amp;amp;Z member David Pellatz. &amp;quot;It's a very different message in my mind. We're not talking bans. We're not talking never can do it.&amp;quot;
 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>Anschutz wind project advances amid grouse doubt </title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22910" title="Anschutz wind project advances amid grouse doubt "/> 
	<id>.22910</id> 
	<updated>2009-08-30T03:08:25Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-08-30T03:08:25Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">The Power Company of Wyoming is moving forward with plans to build a 1,000-turbine wind farm that overlaps with areas identified by the state as critical sage grouse habitat, the company's president said.
More than half of the company's Chokecherry and Sierra Madre project is proposed for land identified by the state as &amp;quot;core population area&amp;quot; in Carbon County. 
</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22910">
		<![CDATA[ The Power Company of Wyoming is moving forward with plans to build a 1,000-turbine wind farm that overlaps with areas identified by the state as critical sage grouse habitat, the company's president said.
More than half of the company's Chokecherry and Sierra Madre project is proposed for land identified by the state as &amp;quot;core population area&amp;quot; in Carbon County. 
 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>Wind farm debate splits private property concerns</title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22822" title="Wind farm debate splits private property concerns"/> 
	<id>.22822</id> 
	<updated>2009-08-23T19:41:09Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-08-23T19:41:09Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">Kenneth G. Lay, a founder of the group, said its members aren't opposed to industrial scale wind development in places such as Wyoming's eastern plains, where landowners are actively marketing their land to wind developers. But the group doesn't want a big wind farm in an area it describes as &amp;quot;scenic, multiple-use landscapes.&amp;quot;

The group is also concerned about developers quietly negotiating with individual landowners.

&amp;quot;We think there needs to be a responsible siting process that is going to balance a lot of interests that everybody has,&amp;quot; said Lay.
</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22822">
		<![CDATA[ Kenneth G. Lay, a founder of the group, said its members aren't opposed to industrial scale wind development in places such as Wyoming's eastern plains, where landowners are actively marketing their land to wind developers. But the group doesn't want a big wind farm in an area it describes as &amp;quot;scenic, multiple-use landscapes.&amp;quot;

The group is also concerned about developers quietly negotiating with individual landowners.

&amp;quot;We think there needs to be a responsible siting process that is going to balance a lot of interests that everybody has,&amp;quot; said Lay.
 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>Engineer: Buried long-distance transmission lines don't work </title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22832" title="Engineer: Buried long-distance transmission lines don't work "/> 
	<id>.22832</id> 
	<updated>2009-08-21T10:10:48Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-08-21T10:10:48Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">Some at last week's Wyoming Wind Symposium proffered what seemed to be a good idea: bury the hundreds of miles of transmission lines needed to send wind-generated electricity to market. 

But underground transmission has two basic problems: 

-- It's very expensive. 

-- It apparently won't work. 
</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22832">
		<![CDATA[ Some at last week's Wyoming Wind Symposium proffered what seemed to be a good idea: bury the hundreds of miles of transmission lines needed to send wind-generated electricity to market. 

But underground transmission has two basic problems: 

-- It's very expensive. 

-- It apparently won't work. 
 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>Looking 20 years into wind future</title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22690" title="Looking 20 years into wind future"/> 
	<id>.22690</id> 
	<updated>2009-08-14T19:20:37Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-08-14T19:20:37Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">Wind farms are becoming a familiar site along Wyoming's interstates and highways.

Residents know wind development is out there and that there is a lot of it. What they do not know is how the industry will alter the state's landscape in the future.

</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22690">
		<![CDATA[ Wind farms are becoming a familiar site along Wyoming's interstates and highways.

Residents know wind development is out there and that there is a lot of it. What they do not know is how the industry will alter the state's landscape in the future.

 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>Wind conference covers laws, taxes, transmission </title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22680" title="Wind conference covers laws, taxes, transmission "/> 
	<id>.22680</id> 
	<updated>2009-08-14T13:04:52Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-08-14T13:04:52Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">Developers say three of the biggest road blocks to constructing wind farms in Wyoming are uncertainty over transmission infrastructure, government regulation and taxes _ all topics examined at a state conference Thursday.

Gov. Dave Freudenthal's Wind Energy Symposium began with a day of wide-ranging discussion of Wyoming's burgeoning wind industry and the challenges and benefits it poses for the state's economy and environment. 
</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22680">
		<![CDATA[ Developers say three of the biggest road blocks to constructing wind farms in Wyoming are uncertainty over transmission infrastructure, government regulation and taxes _ all topics examined at a state conference Thursday.

Gov. Dave Freudenthal's Wind Energy Symposium began with a day of wide-ranging discussion of Wyoming's burgeoning wind industry and the challenges and benefits it poses for the state's economy and environment. 
 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>A wind power Pathfinder? New owner of historic ranch develops expansive wind strategy </title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22671" title="A wind power Pathfinder? New owner of historic ranch develops expansive wind strategy "/> 
	<id>.22671</id> 
	<updated>2009-08-12T11:14:47Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-08-12T11:14:47Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">Wyoming needs a statewide strategy.

So far in Wyoming, companies have proposed and developed &amp;quot;wind projects&amp;quot; by leasing private land and/or using company-owned land to erect towers, he said.

While these wind farms are generating electricity, they're also generating conflicts about the proximity of towers -- and transmission lines -- to landowners, and a seeming helter-skelter approach to energy development, Meyer said.
</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22671">
		<![CDATA[ Wyoming needs a statewide strategy.

So far in Wyoming, companies have proposed and developed &amp;quot;wind projects&amp;quot; by leasing private land and/or using company-owned land to erect towers, he said.

While these wind farms are generating electricity, they're also generating conflicts about the proximity of towers -- and transmission lines -- to landowners, and a seeming helter-skelter approach to energy development, Meyer said.
 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>Board endorses core sage grouse area decision </title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22596" title="Board endorses core sage grouse area decision "/> 
	<id>.22596</id> 
	<updated>2009-08-09T13:20:36Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-08-09T13:20:36Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">The state board of Land Commissioners on Friday voted to withdraw from wind energy development about 1 million acres of state land within the core sage grouse population areas.

The board action will not affect wind leases issued earlier within the core areas, said Lynne Boomgaarden, director of the Office of State Lands and Investments.

The state office has received 32 special-use leasing applications for wind energy development, including 18 within an identified core sage grouse population area, she said.</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22596">
		<![CDATA[ The state board of Land Commissioners on Friday voted to withdraw from wind energy development about 1 million acres of state land within the core sage grouse population areas.

The board action will not affect wind leases issued earlier within the core areas, said Lynne Boomgaarden, director of the Office of State Lands and Investments.

The state office has received 32 special-use leasing applications for wind energy development, including 18 within an identified core sage grouse population area, she said. ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>Commissioners deny conditional use permit for wind farm</title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22568" title="Commissioners deny conditional use permit for wind farm"/> 
	<id>.22568</id> 
	<updated>2009-08-07T17:42:35Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-08-07T17:42:35Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">The Uinta County Commissioners voted unanimously to deny two conditional use permits that would have allowed an additional 120 wind turbines on Bridger Butte.

Bridger Butte Wind Power and Bridger Butte Wind Power II, being run by Tasco Engineering, wanted to add the turbines in the general area of Bigelow Road, and extending southward from the current project.
</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22568">
		<![CDATA[ The Uinta County Commissioners voted unanimously to deny two conditional use permits that would have allowed an additional 120 wind turbines on Bridger Butte.

Bridger Butte Wind Power and Bridger Butte Wind Power II, being run by Tasco Engineering, wanted to add the turbines in the general area of Bigelow Road, and extending southward from the current project.
 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>Duke Energy says it will be a good neighbor </title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22412" title="Duke Energy says it will be a good neighbor "/> 
	<id>.22412</id> 
	<updated>2009-07-29T04:31:48Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-07-29T04:31:48Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">Some contractors and subcontractors that have built wind farms have blown through central Wyoming faster than the currents their turbines are harnessing, short-changing local businesses in the process, Converse County Sheriff Clint Becker said Tuesday.

Becker wanted to know if Fortune 500 company Duke Energy will show the same disdain if it wins the permits to build the estimated $400 million, 200-megawatt Top of the World Windpower Project.
</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22412">
		<![CDATA[ Some contractors and subcontractors that have built wind farms have blown through central Wyoming faster than the currents their turbines are harnessing, short-changing local businesses in the process, Converse County Sheriff Clint Becker said Tuesday.

Becker wanted to know if Fortune 500 company Duke Energy will show the same disdain if it wins the permits to build the estimated $400 million, 200-megawatt Top of the World Windpower Project.
 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>What about the take-down?</title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22409" title="What about the take-down?"/> 
	<id>.22409</id> 
	<updated>2009-07-29T04:14:11Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-07-29T04:14:11Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">Although wind developers expect turbines and mechanical upgrades to easily exceed 20-year contractual warranties and power purchase agreements, there's no set standard for setting aside funds to decommission wind turbines and related facilities.

&amp;quot;That's probably one of the largest areas of concern I hear as a policymaker,&amp;quot; said Sen. Jim Anderson, R-Glenrock.
</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22409">
		<![CDATA[ Although wind developers expect turbines and mechanical upgrades to easily exceed 20-year contractual warranties and power purchase agreements, there's no set standard for setting aside funds to decommission wind turbines and related facilities.

&amp;quot;That's probably one of the largest areas of concern I hear as a policymaker,&amp;quot; said Sen. Jim Anderson, R-Glenrock.
 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>Duke Energy announces 200 megawatt wind farm near Glenrock </title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22252" title="Duke Energy announces 200 megawatt wind farm near Glenrock "/> 
	<id>.22252</id> 
	<updated>2009-07-21T12:01:29Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-07-21T12:01:29Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">Duke Energy plans to build a 200 megawatt wind farm northeast of Glenrock, a company representative told the Natrona County Commission on Monday.

&amp;quot;It's a site I found,&amp;quot; Sean McCabe told the commissioners at a work session. &amp;quot;It has abundant and proven wind resources.&amp;quot;

Duke Energy began collecting meteorological data in the area about two years ago, the same time it acquired Tierra Energy and Catamount Energy for wind generation projects, he said.
</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22252">
		<![CDATA[ Duke Energy plans to build a 200 megawatt wind farm northeast of Glenrock, a company representative told the Natrona County Commission on Monday.

&amp;quot;It's a site I found,&amp;quot; Sean McCabe told the commissioners at a work session. &amp;quot;It has abundant and proven wind resources.&amp;quot;

Duke Energy began collecting meteorological data in the area about two years ago, the same time it acquired Tierra Energy and Catamount Energy for wind generation projects, he said.
 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>Cost-recovery for grid upgrades unclear </title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22234" title="Cost-recovery for grid upgrades unclear "/> 
	<id>.22234</id> 
	<updated>2009-07-19T10:44:08Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-07-19T10:44:08Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">The Wyoming Infrastructure Authority is tracking seven major electrical transmission proposals at a combined cost of $15 billion, potentially adding 15,000 megawatts of new electrical generating capacity in and around the state.

It's the shared ambition of Wyoming, which wants the economic benefits of exporting power, and Western states that want additional megawatts to come from cleaner forms of energy.
</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22234">
		<![CDATA[ The Wyoming Infrastructure Authority is tracking seven major electrical transmission proposals at a combined cost of $15 billion, potentially adding 15,000 megawatts of new electrical generating capacity in and around the state.

It's the shared ambition of Wyoming, which wants the economic benefits of exporting power, and Western states that want additional megawatts to come from cleaner forms of energy.
 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>Concerns delay power line study </title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22183" title="Concerns delay power line study "/> 
	<id>.22183</id> 
	<updated>2009-07-17T09:01:27Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-07-17T09:01:27Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">Mounting opposition from private landowners has prompted federal regulators to take an additional five to six months in the analysis of the Gateway West Transmission Line Project.

The proposed high-voltage transmission line would span 1,150 miles from Glenrock to Melba, Idaho.
</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22183">
		<![CDATA[ Mounting opposition from private landowners has prompted federal regulators to take an additional five to six months in the analysis of the Gateway West Transmission Line Project.

The proposed high-voltage transmission line would span 1,150 miles from Glenrock to Melba, Idaho.
 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>Idaho and Wyoming governors praise decision to review alternative Gateway West routes </title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22182" title="Idaho and Wyoming governors praise decision to review alternative Gateway West routes "/> 
	<id>.22182</id> 
	<updated>2009-07-16T08:53:40Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-07-16T08:53:40Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">Idaho Gov. C.L. &amp;quot;Butch&amp;quot; Otter and Wyoming Gov. Dave Freudenthal praised in separate press releases July 16 a decision by electric utilities and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management to look at alternative routes for the Gateway West transmission project proposed by PacifiCorp and Idaho Power Co. 

The decision came in response to mounting concerns from constituents.
</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/22182">
		<![CDATA[ Idaho Gov. C.L. &amp;quot;Butch&amp;quot; Otter and Wyoming Gov. Dave Freudenthal praised in separate press releases July 16 a decision by electric utilities and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management to look at alternative routes for the Gateway West transmission project proposed by PacifiCorp and Idaho Power Co. 

The decision came in response to mounting concerns from constituents.
 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>State requires marking towers</title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/21911" title="State requires marking towers"/> 
	<id>.21911</id> 
	<updated>2009-07-03T19:42:33Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-07-03T19:42:33Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">Wyoming is working to prevent low-flying aviators from crashing into the hundreds of towers that wind-energy speculators have erected to measure development potential. ...This spring, the state began requiring all new met towers over 50 feet tall, or those that change ownership or lease, to be marked so they're visible in daylight.</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/21911">
		<![CDATA[ Wyoming is working to prevent low-flying aviators from crashing into the hundreds of towers that wind-energy speculators have erected to measure development potential. ...This spring, the state began requiring all new met towers over 50 feet tall, or those that change ownership or lease, to be marked so they're visible in daylight. ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>Lack of transmission capacity stymies deals with wind developers </title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/21857" title="Lack of transmission capacity stymies deals with wind developers "/> 
	<id>.21857</id> 
	<updated>2009-07-01T15:58:27Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-07-01T15:58:27Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">A newly formed alliance of landowners in southeast Wyoming says its has more than 6,000 megawatts of wind energy resources, but not enough power line transmission to finalize deals with developers. ...The alliance went before the Wyoming Infrastructure Authority board last week to advocate that more electrical transmission capacity be made available to independent generators.
</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/21857">
		<![CDATA[ A newly formed alliance of landowners in southeast Wyoming says its has more than 6,000 megawatts of wind energy resources, but not enough power line transmission to finalize deals with developers. ...The alliance went before the Wyoming Infrastructure Authority board last week to advocate that more electrical transmission capacity be made available to independent generators.
 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>            <entry>
	<title>Wind farm goes up for vote </title>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.windaction.org/articles/21844" title="Wind farm goes up for vote "/> 
	<id>.21844</id> 
	<updated>2009-06-30T19:58:13Z</updated> 
	<published>2009-06-30T19:58:13Z</published> 
	<summary type="text">Wind power development in southwest Wyoming could get a big boost tonight from the Sweetwater County Commission.

The three-member board will meet at 5:30 p.m. in Rock Springs City Hall to gather public comments -- and possibly vote on -- a proposal by a Utah wind developer to build 237 wind turbines on White Mountain.

Tasco Engineering Inc. of Lehi is spearheading the county's first substantial wind energy project. 
</summary>
	<content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.windaction.org/articles/21844">
		<![CDATA[ Wind power development in southwest Wyoming could get a big boost tonight from the Sweetwater County Commission.

The three-member board will meet at 5:30 p.m. in Rock Springs City Hall to gather public comments -- and possibly vote on -- a proposal by a Utah wind developer to build 237 wind turbines on White Mountain.

Tasco Engineering Inc. of Lehi is spearheading the county's first substantial wind energy project. 
 ]]>
	</content>
</entry>	</feed>
